Thenewlucky

Jul 27, 2010  In my active System Preferences / Network / Advanced / DNS, there are two servers listed first, ahead of a local machine and the OpenDNS servers. I would like to remove them, but I can't - they are grayed out. I know what they are and where they came from, but why can't I delete them? Jan 24, 2018 If you work on websites, you’ll occasionally need to reset your computer’s DNS cache, particularly after editing records or changing hosts. While flushing the DNS cache on Windows is easy with a dedicated command, Mac users have to use a bit of a workaround.

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if you want still to use Rendezvous, choose an other local domain extension!
like .home or .myself ...
.local is reserved for Rendezvous usage, and you'll be sorry is it stop's working someday.

our entire network is based on this .local thing.
it's not a good solution just to change everything we run to .home etc
the windows admins don't see it as a solution... ;)
10.2 was an unpleasant surprise in this area... no more name resolution... :(
SOLUTION:
we just changed our LOCAL entries
in /etc/resolver/local
to list our local name servers and changed port to 53
seems to work again...
:)
matx

That's excellent! I wish I'd known about it before I'd renamed our domain. Where'd you find out about /etc/resolver/*?
And for the record, yes, this does break Rendezvous. I don't personally consider that a loss, but YMMV. Proceed with caution. ;-)

well, when 10.2 first came out and it broke our domain name resolution, we searched
hi and lo for a solution and found one on the apple discussion boards... someone had
figured this thing out (/etc/resolver/local). congrats to them. it works.
who needs rendezvous, not yet anyway.

Yes where did you find out about resolver? I never heard anything about it. Just checked mine and its says:
nameserver 224.0.0.251
port 5353
timeout 1
I don't know WHAT the heck that is....none of my info...

That's Rendezvous' 'Multicast DNS' information. Fortunately MDNS uses standard DNS queries, so replacing that info with your DNS server's ip and port 53 results in standard DNS queries being issued for the .local domain.
I tried dropping a foo.local file in that directory to see if subdomains would then resolve correctly, but it appears .local always gets processed first.

Not sure if this is related - but ever since upgrading to Jaguar I can no longer access my local machine via 'localhost'. I have a Linux box I have used for over a year with my DNS server and localhost has always worked for me. All the machines within my LAN or named with .lan conventions. If I want to access my local machine - I have to use the .lan defined name instead of localhost. I can watch it and see whats happening too - the local machine is querying the DNS server for a machine named 'localhost' and of course its not finding one.
Also - oddity in my /etc/hosts file - anyone have this also or can I get rid of it...
127.0.0.1 localhost
255.255.255.255 broadcasthost
::1 localhost
What is that last localhost entry for? I did not put it there - and it was not there before.

'::1 localhost' is the ipv6 version of 127.0.0.1, probably added by the network config tools

I have this entry in my /etc/hosts file too.
In addition, I have another DNS issue with Jaguar...
On my local network, I have my own DNS (Bind9) doing split horizon DNS (internal requests get results from one view, external requests get results from another view). In my Network PrefPane, I have my internal DNS listed first followed by two provided by my ISP. On a boot/restart everything works fine; my Mac gets DNS resolutions properly. But after the Mac goes to sleep, or sits for an extended period, it forgets about the internal DNS server and queries external servers. A re-apply in the Network PrefPane resolves the problem until the next time the Mac sleeps. No other non-Mac on my network has this problem (Win, Linux, *BSD).
Bizarre.

Out of curiousity, the next time your mac comes back from sleep, try running 'host some_machine your_mac' and see if you get a valid response. That should at least tell you if it's a bind/sleep issue, or an Apple resolver/sleep issue. My suspicion is that latter.
From playing around here, it looks like lookupd cycles throught the nameservers declared in /etc/resolv.conf until it finds one that works and then sticks with that nameserver until either it times out, or the modification date on /etc/resolv.conf is changed ('touch /etc/resolv.conf' as root is sufficient).
The host and nslookup commands, on the other hand, always start each query with the first server listed. That seems to be consistent with the resolv.conf man page. Yet another situation where 'ping foo' fails and 'host foo' succeeds.
So it looks like every time your system wakes from sleep, lookupd think its current nameserver choice has timed out and cycles to the next one. Since that server answers, you never get back to your internal server.
What I've done here is to setup a DNS cache machine which all the local machines use as their DNS server. The cache machine sends local queries to the local DNS server and everything else to my ISP's DNS servers. My resolv.conf only contains a single nameserver entry, so I've never hit this particular problem. Unfortunately I can't remember how to set this up in Bind (I switched to djbdns years ago), but it should be possible.
Hope this helps.

DNS servers are not ordered, have no priority. If you have more than one server, they must all present the same view of the DNS. This same issue arises with a VPN: you cannot have DNS servers that know about the VPN mixed with those that do not, or you will get inconsistent results.

Since I run a mixed network, I found it easier to add my Mac's address into my Winclones host file. That way everything resolves nicely without relying on the Mac being attached to the network.

This is easily one of the most boneheaded approaches to DNS I've seen from a vendor in a long while.
My experience with this is that 10.2 completely breaks hostnames like 'x.corporate.local', which is fundamentally wrong.
I have had to resort to mangling the /etc/resolver/local file to get my mac to access internal sites, which is a plain stupid thing for Apple to force its corporate customers to do.
Apple should realize that .local is a perfectly reasonable suffix for an internal LAN within a large organization, and that corporates actually USE it.

Check this out:
Mac OS X 10.3, 10.4: How to look up '.local' hostnames via both Bonjour and standard DNS
http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=107800

Networking device hostnames ending with .local are often employed in private networks, where they are resolved either via the multicast domain name service (mDNS) or local Domain Name System (DNS) servers. The implementation of both approaches on the same network can be problematic. However, resolving such names via unicast DNS servers has fallen into disfavor as computers, printers and other devices implementing zero-configuration networking (zeroconf) have become increasingly common.

Multicast DNS (mDNS) standard[edit]

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards-track RFC 6762 (February 20, 2013) reserves the use of the domain name label local as a pseudo-top-level domain for hostnames in local area networks that can be resolved via the Multicast DNS name resolution protocol.^[1] Any DNS query for a name ending with the label local must be sent to the mDNS IPv4 link-local multicast address 224.0.0.251, or its IPv6 equivalent FF02::FB. Domain name ending in local, may be resolved concurrently via other mechanisms, for example, unicast DNS.

mDNS implementations[edit]

RFC 6762 was authored by Apple Inc. employees Stuart Cheshire and Marc Krochmal, and Apple's Bonjour zeroconf networking software implements mDNS. Nicholas Valbusa gave a talk on this subject.^[2] That service will automatically resolve the private IP addresses of link-local Macintosh computers running MacOS and mobile devices running iOS if .local is appended to their hostnames. In addition, Bonjour devices will use those .local hostnames when advertising services to DNS Service Discovery clients.

Most Linux distributions also incorporate and are configured to use zero configuration networking. By default, each computer’s Avahi daemon will respond to mDNS hostname.local queries, and most shell commands and application program calls that attempt to resolve such names are routed to that daemon by the default hosts: line in the Name Service Switch configuration file. It is also possible to configure the nss-mdns modules and Avahi to resolve hostnames with other pseudo-TLDs.

Although Windows operating systems often do not have built-in mDNS function, it can be added by installing zeroconf software available from Apple and other third parties, and it is beginning to be added in Windows 10.

Finally, many printers and other peripheral devices also implement the mDNS protocol in order to provide simplified connections to them from computers that implement zero configuration networking.

Microsoft recommendations[edit]

The connection of Macintosh and Linux computers or zeroconf peripherals to Windows networks can be problematic if those networks include name servers that use .local as a search domain for internal devices.

At one time, Microsoft at least suggested the use of .local as a pseudo-TLD for small private networks with internal DNS servers, via documents that (as of this writing) are still accessible. For example, support article 296250^[3] included the following option:

Make the name a private domain name that is used for name resolution on the internal Small Business Server network. This name is usually configured with the first-level domain of .local. At the present time, the .local domain name is not registered on the Internet.

However, more recent articles have cautioned or advised against such use of the .local TLD.

Support article 300684^[4] listed contoso.local as an example of a 'best-practice Active Directory domain name', but then added:

Find Local Dns Server

We recommend that you register DNS names for the top-most internal and external DNS namespaces with an Internet registrar.

which would of course preclude using that or any other domain ending with .local.

Microsoft TechNet article 708159^[5] suggested .local for the exact opposite reason:

Using the .local label for the full DNS name for the internal domain is a more secure configuration because the .local label is not registered for use on the Internet. This separates your internal domain from your public Internet domain name.

but later recommended against it:

If you have Macintosh client computers that are running the Macintosh OS X version 10.3 operating system or later, … it is recommended that you do not use the .local label for the full DNS name of your internal domain. If you must use the .local label, then you must also configure settings on the Macintosh computers so they can discover other computers on the network. For more information about how to configure client computers running Macintosh OS X version 10.3 or later, see “Connecting Macintosh Computers to a Windows Small Business Server 2003 Network” on the Microsoft Web site at [1].

TechNet article 726016^[6] cautioned against using .local:

…we do not recommend using unregistered suffixes, such as .local.

By default, a freshly installed Windows Server 2016 Essentials also adds .local as the default dns-prefix, when a user doesn't select the advanced option. Thus resulting in a domain with .local extension.

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Linux[edit]

Local Dns Server For Macos Windows 10

Computers running modern^{[clarification needed]} Linux distributions and using the common nsswitch system may have /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration files in which mDNS name resolution was added via the mdns4_minimal plugin to nsswitch. In this configuration, where mdns4_minimal precedes the standard dns option, which uses /etc/resolv.conf, the mDNS resolution will block subsequent DNS resolution on the local network.

or

This is a configuration choice made by distributions such as Ubuntu/Debian and SuSE and Red Hat, each of which have their own package configuration script that will install the mdns_minimal module as above.

In this way .local requests are being prevented from leaking to the internet, but also block legitimate .local requests for configured DNS servers.

Global DNS queries[edit]

As local is an officially reserved special-use domain name^[7] (RFC 6762 of February 2013)^[8][9] host names with this top level label are not resolvable in the global Domain Name System. However, a considerable proportion of the queries submitted to it do specify the domain.^[10] Statistics for the L root name server operated by ICANN show that on August 14, 2015, the server received approximately 1331 local queries per second, third in frequency after .com (4355 queries/s), and .net (2481 queries/s), or sixth including the invalid gTLDs www (First, with 9416 queries/s), html (third, with 2727 queries/s), and home (fifth, with 1692 queries/s).^[11][12] On April 12, 2013, the server received approximately 2300 local queries/s, fourth in frequency after .com, .net, and .org.

Historical data from the site are available via the Wayback Machine. In June 2009, for example, the L server received an average of 400 such queries/s, fourth after .com, .arpa, and .net.^[13]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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1. ^Cheshire, Stuart & Krochmal, Marc. 'RFC 6762: Multicast DNS'. Internet Engineering Task Force.
2. ^https://www.slideshare.net/squallstar/apple-bonjour-lets-talk
3. ^'Domain Name System name recommendations for Small Business Server 2000 and Windows Small Business Server 2003'. support.microsoft.com. 2007-12-03. Three practical methods to name the DNS domain are: [1/3] [...] private domain name that is used for name resolution on the internal Small Business Server network. [...] usually [...] first-level domain of .local. [...] [2/3] Make the name a sub-domain of a publicly registered domain name. For example, if the publicly registered domain name is Contoso.com, a sub-domain of Corp.contoso.com can be used. [3/3] Make the name the same as a publicly registered domain name. [...] Most Small Business Server customers should use the first method.
4. ^'Information about configuring Active Directory domains by using single-label DNS names'. support.microsoft.com.
5. ^'Internal Domain Information (OEM)'. Windows Small Business Server 2003 product documentation. technet.microsoft.com. [...] it is strongly recommended that you use the .local label for the extension. [...] If your Windows Small Business Server network contains client computers running Mac OS X 10.2 or later, change the .local label for the default domain name to a label other than .local. For example, use .lan or .office as the label.
6. ^'Selecting the Forest Root Domain'. technet.microsoft.com. 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2016-01-19. To select a suffix for the forest root domain: [...] We recommend that you use DNS names that are registered with an Internet authority in the Active Directory namespace. Only registered names are guaranteed to be globally unique. [...] Caution [...] Do not use single-label DNS names. [...] Also, we do not recommend using unregistered suffixes, such as .local.
7. ^'Special-Use Domain Names'. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
8. ^'RFC 6762: Multicast DNS'. IETF. 2013-02-20.
9. ^'Datatracker history for RFC 6762'. IETF. 2013-02-20 [...] RFC published [...] 2001-07-17 [first draft published as:] draft-cheshire-dnsext-multicastdns-00.txt
10. ^George Kirikos. 'Most Popular Invalid TLDs Should Be Reserved'. Circle ID. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
11. ^root-servers.org
12. ^ICANN.orgArchived September 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
13. ^'Most Popular TLDs Queried'. root-servers.org. Archived from the original on 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2009-09-11.

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